Evaluating The Association Between Various Indicators of School Quality and Educational Outcomes in Somalia with Special Reference to Puntland State

This quantitative study“Evaluating the Association Between Various Indicators of School Quality and Educational Outcomes in Somalia with Special Reference to Puntland State” analyzed six years of retrospective data from 27 primary schools in Puntland to assess how indicators such as enrollment rates, dropout trends, student–teacher ratios, gender balance among teachers, and education costs per child relate to learning outcomes. The findings revealed that although roughly 167,439 students enrolled over the period, only about 5% progressed to the final year-eight exam, indicating a high dropout rate. Female students comprised 45% of enrollment, and female teachers only made up 14%, well below regional norms. The average student–teacher ratio was an alarming 36:1, and average monthly education costs per student were around USD 29 (approximately USD 234 annually)—a substantial burden for low-income families. The authors conclude with recommendations to better align education financing with SDG 4, improve regulation of public and private schools, reduce student–teacher imbalances, and address the gender gap among teachers